The line that starts leftmost on top, comes down, and is rightmost on the bottom, and vice versa. Ĭhi is made up of two lines crossing each other as in the shape of an X. Chiasmus derives from the Greek word khiasmos, a word that is khiazein, marked with the letter khi. The term chiastic derives from the mid-17th century term chiasmus, which refers to a crosswise arrangement of concepts or words that are repeated in reverse order. (Also, the middle concept could appear just once.) When read left to right, top to bottom, the first topic (A) is reiterated as the last, and the middle concept (B) appears twice in succession. Various chiastic structures are also seen in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Book of Mormon, and the Quran. First an event is mentioned briefly, then its precedents are reviewed in reverse chronological order as far back as necessary at that point the narrative reverses itself and moves forward in chronological order until the event in the main narrative line is reached again. Herodotus frequently uses ring composition or 'epic regression' as a way of supplying background information for something discussed in the narrative.
Meanwhile, in classical prose, scholars often find chiastic narrative techniques in the Histories of Herodotus:
Here the idea that introduced a compositional section is repeated at its conclusion, so that the whole passage is framed by material of identical content". Classicist Bruno Gentili describes this technique as "the cyclical, circular, or 'ring' pattern ( ring composition). These often symmetrical patterns are commonly found in ancient literature such as the epic poetry of the Iliad and the Odyssey. These may be regarded as chiasmus scaled up from words and clauses to larger segments of text. Chiastic structures that involve more components are sometimes called "ring structures", "ring compositions", or, in cases of very ambitious chiasmus, "onion-ring compositions". An example of chiastic structure would be two ideas, A and B, together with variants A' and B', being presented as A,B,B',A'. For other uses of "ring theory", see Ring theory (disambiguation).Ĭhiastic structure, or chiastic pattern, is a literary technique in narrative motifs and other textual passages. For other uses of "ring structure", see Ring structure (disambiguation).
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